Actually captive tamed wolves are quite trainable and can perform complex tasks directed by humans using both voice commands and hand signals. The most difficult task is off lead recall. Wolves and coyotes have also been used successfully in sled dog teams in Alaska and Canada. However, force and compulsion will get you no where in training them except maimed or killed. Other methods are needed in combination such as motivation, mimicry, bribery, and "just plain asking them to". So I go back to my point, why the linear dominance theory with compulsion to train dogs when the concept does not to any extent exist in the wild and does not work training captive tamed wolves. :wink: