Dog Origins South of Yangtze River

There is a new more extensive study just released September 1rst placing Dog Origins South of Yangtze River with all 10 halo-types present there, 9 in south China, south east China, Yunnan province. 7 in Japan, Korea, & central China, 5 in India, & south west Asia with only four in Europe & Africa. They believe from at least 51 female wolves less than 16,300 years ago from a population of hundreds. It probably started when they killed a few wolves that were eating garbage they then started to raise them for food as they still do after many generations they found other uses for them and they spread across the rest of the world with probably only 4 isolated regional breedings back to the wolf. This is the study at Oxford Journals http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msp195 you can download the 54 page manuscript and the 27 page Supplementary data on the top right of the page. A couple of news stories http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/901/1 http://wocview.wordpress.com/2009/09/13/all-dogs-may-have-origins-in-chinese-wolves/ The Dingo can be traced back to south east Asia where about 6000 years ago the aboriginals traveled at least 50 km of ocean with there dogs that probably served a double purpose providing food one way or another. Eating dogs on ships is an old south Island custom the British wrote about in the early exploration of the Islands near Australia . Dingo link http://home.vicnet.net.au/~dingo/wolfDog.htm

This is page 17 of the study mtDNA Data Indicates a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, less than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves Analysis of complete mtDNA genomes reveals 10 subclades in clades A, B and C, with geographical representation following the East-to-West gradient There is clear difference in coverage of clade A among geographical regions, especially between ASY and the rest of the world (fig. 1b). This indicates that clade A, rather than being a single dense clade, may consist of several different phylogenetic subgroups with different geographical spread, groups that cannot be resolved based on the CR data. To study this geographical pattern in detail, and to obtain sufficient resolution for dating the dog origins and estimating the number of founders, we analysed almost the entire mtDNA genomes for 169 dogs and 8 wolves (16,195 bp analysed, repetitive and difficult-to-align regions were excluded). The samples were chosen to cover most of the mtDNA diversity for dog clades A, B and C according to the CR-based MS networks (fig. 1c), for the West (Europe, SW Asia, India and Africa) as well as for East Asia (Supplementary Dataset S2, fig. S1 in Supplementary Material). Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA genomes improved the resolution considerably, compared to analysis of the CR (fig. 2a). The two major phylogenetic clades, A and B, which were weakly supported in the CR based tree, obtained Bayesian support values of 100% in the genome based tree (fig. S3 and S4 in Supplementary Material). More importantly, the analysis also revealed a distinct substructure within clades A, B and C. Thus, the seemingly dense clades A, B and C are composed of a substructure of subclades (fig. 2a and b). Clade A had six major subclades, and B and C two each, giving a total of 10 subclades (or haplogroups), with high bootstrap and Bayesian support values (fig. 2a, fig. S3 and S4 in Supplementary Material), and separated by relatively large genetic distances (fig. 2b). For the CR part of the genome sequences, the 10 subclades group almost perfectly in separate parts of the MS networks (fig. 1c). Importantly, 5 of the 6 subclades of clade A, corresponding to those parts of the CR-based MS network which are empty for populations in the western populations, were found only in East Asia (fig. 2b). Accordingly, when all 1,576 CR sequences are assorted into the 10 subclades based on diagnostic mutations (see Supplementary Material for details), the geographical distribution of the subclades follow a distinct gradient; the complete set of 10 subclades is found only in ASY, while 7 are represented in Central China and Japan, 5 in North China, India and SW Asia, and only 4 in Europe (table 2, fig. 3a and 3b, table S2 in Supplementary Material). Only 1 of the 6 subclades of clade A is represented in Europe and SW Asia, and the missing 5 subclades correspond to the empty parts of the CR-based MS networks (fig. 1b and 1c). To conclude, the full extent of diversity for clades A, B and C, all the 10 major phylogenetic groups, is represented in the region comprising China south of Yangtze River and Southeast Asia, ASY. Outside this region only part of the total diversity is found, but it can be traced to a subset of the gene pool in ASY, basically the 14 universally occurring haplotypes, the UTs, which are distributed in 4 of the 10 subclades. Thus, the facts that nearly 100% of dogs in Europe and SW Asia have CR-based haplotypes closely related to the 14 UTs while Eastern populations have a large number of unique and distinct haplotypes, and that parts of the CR-based MS networks are empty for the western populations, can be attributed to the almost complete absence of 6 out of the 10 major phylogenetic groups in the western part of the Old World. Within ASY, there was no single subregion having all 10 subclades, but in relatively small samples from Yunnan (n=75), Southeast Asia (n=59) and Guizhou (n=57), 9, 9 and 8 subclades, respectively, were found (fig. 3b, table S2 in Supplementary Material). The smallest region containing all ten haplogroups comprises Yunnan and Southeast Asia, in the southwest of ASY. The simplest explanation for the observed geographical distribution of the 10 subclades of clades A, B and C is that they had a single origin within or close to ASY, and that only a subset of the original gene pool spread to the rest of the world. Written by Jun-Feng Pang1,2 #, Cornelya Kluetsch3 #, Xiao-Ju Zou2 #, Ai-bing Zhang3 #, Li-Yang Luo1,4, Helen Angleby3, Arman Ardalan3,5,6, Camilla Ekström3, Anna Sköllermo3, Joakim Lundeberg3, Shuichi Matsumura7,8, Thomas Leitner9, Ya-Ping Zhang1,2 *, Peter Savolainen3 * 1 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China 2 Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 3 Department of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4 College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China 5 National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran 6 School of Agronomy and Animal Science, University of Tehran, 4111 Karaj, Iran 7 Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 8 Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Muggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 9 Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, MS K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA # These authors contributed equally to this work. * Corresponding authors: Peter Savolainen. Department of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46-8- 55378335. Fax: +46-8-55378481. E-mail: savo@biotech.kth.se Ya-Ping Zhang. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. Tel: +86-871- 5032804. Fax: +86-871-5032804. E-mail: zhangyp@mail.kiz.ac.cn Key words: dog, Canis familiaris, domestication, mitochondrial DNA © 2009 The Authors MBE Advance Access published September 1, 2009 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2. /uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.